Introduction to LPIC-1

0:12Hey, guys. And welcome to the LPIC-1 course here on CBT Nuggets. This course really has so much valuable information in it that I'm honestly super excited to be here with you to teach it. So to begin this course, I felt it would be a good idea to really introduce what LPIC is all about, and more broadly, what exactly is Linux? Well, ultimately, Linux is an open-source operating system. You know, just the way you have things like Windows computers and Mac computers, you can also have Linux computers.

0:48And as it transpires, Linux is absolutely massive in the world of IT. And the reason is because Linux is used absolutely everywhere. Whether you're managing local servers within your network, or you're dealing with cloud environments, the demand for Linux and Linux skills are abundant. So what I'm trying to say to you is that what we're going to learn within this course is going to serve you really, really well for your career in IT. Now, I suppose I should just start with who exactly is this course aimed at?

1:21Well, let's just talk a little bit about the LPIC-1. What exactly is the LPIC-1 certification? Well, the LPIC-1 is a certification devised by the Linux Professional Institute. And the Linux Professional Institute Certification-1 is the entry-level Linux certification that the LPI provides. So what I'm saying here is that if you have absolutely no experience with Linux, that doesn't matter at all. The focus of this course is to take newcomers into the world of Linux and to arm you with a whole bunch of Linux-based skills.

1:56So what exactly shall we be learning? What does the LPIC-1 actually cover, then? Well, when we're done with this course, you should be able to perform maintenance tasks directly from the command line. You'll also learn how to install a Linux operating system. You'll get to learn what a Linux distribution is, as well as how to install different types of Linux distributions. We will also learn some basic networking skills, as well as understanding the actual architecture of Linux-based systems.

2:29Not just that, you'll also learn how we can create files, how we can modify files, and control access to different files across the system. So like I say, if you are absolutely brand new to the world of Linux-- that is, you've never used Linux before, and you don't know any of the Linux commands-- then don't worry because I'm not going to assume any of that knowledge on your part. Instead, slowly but surely, we are going to walk through a whole host of tasks and cover some of the theory along the way so that you as a brand new engineer in the world of Linux are going to be able to use the command line to manage these systems and do things like creating users and creating groups, and doing so with security in mind.

3:15So whilst we have a whole ton of information to cover, I will try to cover this information in the most practical way possible, whereby you and I together will be on the command line within a Linux machine and working through these commands together. And with a bit of practice, I have no doubt that you will become familiar and comfortable with all of the exam topics presented in this LPIC-1 examination so that you can crush that exam and get that cert. But like I say, we're going to have a heavy emphasis on practical skills within this course.

3:47We're not just going to be looking at slides. We're not just going to be quoting paragraphs. We need to be on Linux machines ourselves and making these changes. So in order to be able to do this, well, we first have to set up a Linux lab environment. And if you're thinking, well, I don't know how to set up a Linux lab environment, I'm completely new to all of this, then do not worry because that is what we're going to be covering in these next few Nuggets. Okey-doke, so I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing.

0:00[MUSIC PLAYING] Hey, guys, and welcome back. Now, before we proceed any further, one thing I want to do is to give a brief mention on the concept of Linux distros. Now, perhaps you may have heard this term before, Linux distros or maybe Linux distribution, both of which refer to the same thing.

0:30A distro means distribution. So the question is what exactly is a Linux distro? Well, here's the deal with Linux. Linux is very, very flexible, and it has what is called open-source software. This pretty much means that the code is readily available for people to inspect and to modify and to create variations of. It's basically the opposite of proprietary software. So ultimately, when you have this type of freely-available open-source software, invariably people like to make their own modifications.

1:05And that is effectively what we're talking about when we have different Linux distributions. So at high level, just assume or rather interpret that a Linux distribution just means a different type of Linux, a different flavor of Linux. So just searching right here Linux distros, straight away, Google is beginning to show me a whole bunch of popular Linux distros. So we have one called Ubuntu. This is probably my personal favorite. We have a completely different flavor called Fedora, and we have all of these different types.

1:39So some may be used for general administration, whereas some might be used as a type of replacement day to day operating system. You know the way you use your Windows machine to just browse YouTube and go on Netflix, that even our Linux distribution is optimized for that type of experience. Whereas, you may have something like, say, Kali Linux, which is the very famous Linux distribution in the security world because this distribution as tailored towards hacking and digital forensics.

2:11So understand what we're saying here. We can have different versions of Linux. Some might be towards security testing. Some might be geared towards just a general browsing experience for the average user that doesn't have all the complexities of all these hacking tools. So now that we actually understand that Linux comes in different distributions, different flavors, we have to decide what distribution should we actually install because we do have an absolute kaleidoscope of options available to us. But as we know, we are actually studying for the LPIC-1 examination.

2:45Now, as it transpires, the recommended distribution I would suggest that we get is a Debian-based distribution. This is what we can use for the bulk of our day to day practice. Now, not to get into the deep details of different distributions all at once right now, but as a derivative of Debian, we have the very popular Ubuntu. So what I'm suggesting is that we actually install an Ubuntu-based distribution. But here's the thing. We know Linux has many variations, and in fact, we have variations on Ubuntu itself.

3:20So I would recommend that we install in Ubuntu, which is an Enterprise open-source Linux system. But here is the thing. Ubuntu out of the box actually comes with more things than we actually even need. So in order to make this course, as accessible as possible and to reduce the demands on the computer running the operating system, I'm going to suggest that we actually install a lighter weight version of Ubuntu. So we have the option to download one called Xubuntu. This is going to require less resources from your computer, and it's going to give us everything we need from our Ubuntu system.

3:57Similarly, if you would prefer, there is an even lighter weight version of this called Lubuntu for lightweight Ubuntu. And if you really do have limited resources on which to run your computer-- you don't have much RAM. You don't have much CPU-- then perhaps, Lubuntu would be a good choice for you, but generally speaking, I think Xubuntu is the one we're going to go for. This, to me, is a very good compromise. Now, we haven't actually solved the problem completely. There's a whole other style of Linux, and that is based off of Red Hat Linux.

4:32Now, as it transpires for the LPIC-1 examination, there are some things that we have to do and have to understand that relates particularly to Red Hat Linux distributions. So what I'm suggesting is that we actually have two different Linux distributions available to us. One I'm suggesting we have is a Debian-based solution, and what I'm going to install as Xubuntu. That's going to be our main driver. But when it comes to testing a different package managers, and we'll get to see what those are a little bit later on within this course, we also want to choose a Red Hat-based distribution.

5:07So if we just go and search for something like Red Hat Linux distribution list-- if we click on this link here, for example, we can see all of these distributions which are based off of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Now, the latest one on the block is one called a Rocky Linux. And like you see, this is a free and open-source operating system. So this is the one that I'm going to choose in addition to my Xubuntu machine. Again, if you scroll on down, you could perhaps choose things like AlmaLinux or CentOS or Fedora so on and so forth.

5:41So ultimately, really, you can pick your own poison. But we do want to have a general distribution, such as Xubuntu and we do want to have a Red Hat-based distribution. Now. You might be wondering, well, how on Earth are we going to have two different operating systems to test? Are we going to have to completely uninstall one and then replace it with the other and switch back and forth? Well, absolutely not. The good news is that we're going to be able to leverage the world and the power of virtualization. This is going to give us a nice safe environment, where we can have multiple different operating systems, such as Xubuntu as well as Rocky Linux.

6:17And we can quite easily toggle between the two as needed. And the good news is that the virtual environment is very, very safe. Whatever we do within the virtual environment should not actually affect the operations within your host machine, be it a Windows computer or a Mac computer or whatever you happen to be running. So now, we have an understanding of what distributions are. We have an understanding of what types of distributions are needed for the LPIC examination. We've talked about the solution to use virtualization. So how about we get our hands dirty and begin creating these virtual operating systems.

6:50And how are we going to do that? Well, the good news is that we're going to be doing in the very next Nugget. So I hope which has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing.

0:12Hey, guys, and welcome back. So before I actually begin anything, what I want to say is is that this section is for Windows users. If you happen to be using a Mac, then feel free to skip on ahead. But if you are staying and you are a Windows user, let's walk through the installation steps that we need to get our operating systems up and running. Now, the software which I'm going to download right now is something called VirtualBox. This is going to allow us to create some virtual machines, and in our case, we're going to create a Xubuntu virtual machine as well as a Rocky Linux virtual machine.

0:46So with that said, how about we dig in and get to it? So what I'm going to do is I'm going to open up one of my browsers. Now, if you just happen to search for VirtualBox, what I'm going to do is click this link right here Oracle VM VirtualBox. And on the left-hand side, let me just zoom in a little bit. We can see we have this option for Downloads. Let's click on this. Now, it tells us here as a VirtualBox is actually supported on Windows hosts, OS X hosts, and Linux distributions. Now, right now, we're going to be installing it on a Windows host.

1:18Therefore, it makes sense if we click this link right here. So we'll click this and choose Save file. So if I click up here, we can see these new downloads. All I'll do is I'll just double-click it, and VirtualBox should have a prompt to begin setting up. So what I'll do is I'll just click Next. Now, this is where I'm going to install VirtualBox. If you want to change the location, you can choose Browse and set a different location. Me, I'm quite happy to install in my C drive, Programs, Oracle, VirtualBox. I'll leave it as is and choose Next.

1:50Now, we've got some options to create some startup menus, some shortcuts. I'll just have all of those actually installed as well. So what I'll do is I'll just choose Next. And do we want to proceed with the installation now? We'll say yes. And lastly, click the big Install button. So there we go. This is going to run through the installation and just give it a minute or two or 30 seconds. So what I'm going to do is check this box to start up VirtualBox and then select Finish. So now here, I actually have VirtualBox. Now, on the left-hand side here, you can see all of these different machines here.

2:23This is because I have previously installed VirtualBox, and my computer is remembering my settings and my old VMs. So these are just related to my own personal machine. When you install it brand new, you should not see these on the left at all. So what we want to do is we actually want to install what is called an ISO image, I-S-O. This is what we're going to use to install the operating system into the virtual machine. So check this out. We want to have a Xubuntu machine. So I'm going to go and download that ISO image.

2:55So if you just happen to search for Xubuntu, click this link here, and we select Downloads. Let me zoom in a little bit. What I'm going to do is if I go down a little bit here-- now, you can download the torrent in this case. So, I'm just going to use the basic downloads. So my mirror closest to me is going to be the United Kingdom, so I'll click on this link right here. And let me just zoom in a little bit. What I'm going to choose is the extension that ends in .iso. This one right here. So if I click on this. And I'm going to choose Save here, and that'll begin the download of this ISO image for Xubuntu.

3:31Perfect. So if we click on this, we can see we have this ISO image downloaded. And this is what we're going to use to install Xubuntu into our virtual machine. Now, before we do anything, if we search for Xubuntu system requirements, we can click this link here. It tells us to install and use Xubuntu, we need to have at least 1 gig of memory. Similarly, we also are going to need at least 8.6 gigabytes of free disk space. However, the recommended settings is that we give the box 2-gig of memory and have at least 20-gig of hard disk space.

4:05So this is pretty much the minimum, so we can get away with, and these are the recommended values. Now, what I'm going to do here is, up the top, I'm going to click on Machine and then select New. Now, what I'm going to do is I'm going to give this machine a name. Now, notice when I start typing, automatically, the type is being auto-detected by VirtualBox. It suddenly changed to Linux and version Ubuntu 64. So I'll just say Xubuntu-2 because I already have created a Xubuntu machine before. And this is the folder where I'm going to actually store the VM.

4:38So I'll choose Next. And now, we have the memory requirements. Now, like I said, we can get away with 1 gig, but the recommended is to have 2-gig. But again, if you have a very strong and powerful computer, there really is no harm to giving it even more if you want even better performance. But ultimately, 2 gigs should be enough. So I'll just drag it to somewhere around here just over 2, and I'll say Next. The next thing I'm going to do is to create a virtual hard disk now. So I'll choose Create. And we'll choose VDI, VirtualBox Disk Image, and then say Next.

5:09And now, what is the hard disk space? We'll see dynamically allocated, and we'll say Next. So now, we're going to specify how much disk space do we want to give it. Now, remember, we can actually get away with a lower amount. This is not the absolute requirements, but it did say the recommended settings, if possible, is to give it at least 20-gig. So 20-gig or more would be perfect. Understand, you can get away with using less. So I'll just say 23, for example, and choose Create. Now, lastly, I'm going to go in, and I'll just right-click on this right here.

5:40I'll go back to Settings, and here, we can see the actual settings we have already. If we choose System, we can see the memory we've allocated. If we choose Processor, we can choose how many processors we want to allocate to the machine. I'm just going to give this, say, 2, for example. Again, the more power you can give it, the better. For my network, I can have it as NAT, or perhaps, you may want to choose as a bridged adapter. Either/or can work. But for now, I'll leave it at NAT. Now, the important part here is that right now, we want to click on Storage.

6:10Now, controller IDE-- click on this little icon here. Click this. Now, on the right-hand side, we can see the optical drive. Now, to the right here, this little desk image-- again, click on this, and then we'll choose a disk file. So I'll click on this right here. And all I'm going to do is select the ISO image wherever we downloaded it. So I can see it right here. Click it right here, and then I'll choose Open. This means that this VM is going to use Xubuntu. So now, if we click OK, we can now begin setting things up.

6:42So with this box highlighted, the machine, Xubuntu-2, in my case, I'm going to now click Start. And this should start up the virtual machine. OK, so we're now going to be prompted with some choices. I'm going to choose Install Xubuntu. Now, we can choose the language we want to use. I'm in the UK, so I'm going to choose English UK, but of course, choose whatever is relevant to you. And I'll click UK here and then choose Continue. I'm going to say download updates well installing Xubuntu, and then I'll choose Continue.

7:13And now, we'll choose erase disk and install Xubuntu. If I click Install Now, the installation should begin. And one last thing, just click Continue right here. OK, so now, we're going to be asked whereabouts are we are for our timezone. I'm in Glasgow, which is going to be London-based. So I'll choose Continue. And now, we're going to give the name. I'm just going to say ipvzero, which is my GitHub name. But again, choose any name you wish. And I'll just name the computer ipvzero as well. Username, ipvzero, and now, I will choose a password.

7:44So I'll just choose a fairly simple password, again, because it's just a little lab environments. And now, I'll choose Continue. OK, so that might take 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes. It depends how quick your system actually is. Just be patient, and wait for it to complete. Perfect. So once you give that a sufficient time, it should say installation complete. So with that said, I'm going to click Restart Now. And it's going to begin restarting. Now, it says here at the bottom, please remove the installation medium, and then press Enter. In my case, it's not actually a physical disc I've put in.

8:17I'm just going to press Enter. So there we go. It should begin restarting. OK, so you should now be prompted with your username, and underneath, you should type in the password you created. So I'll type in the little what I had, and then I'll choose Log In. So click this. OK, so we have our Xubuntu machine installed. We do have a little bit of a problem. Let me show you what this is. If I go and try to full screen this, look at this. It's absolutely tiny. And where am I going to be typing in lots and lots of commands?

8:48This isn't really ideal. So we actually do have two solutions that we can use, and I'll show you them both. Now, the first thing I'm going to do is just to log into that virtual machine remotely from my actual host computer, my Windows machine. So let me show you that method first, then. So what I'll do here is I'll minimize that. Go back to my browser. And I'm going to search for PuTTY download, and I'll click this. So I can see I can download PuTTY here. Let's click this link, and let me just zoom in. I'm going to choose the Windows installer here. So I'll click this one here, and I'll say Save File.

9:20Click this link, and click this here. So now, it's going to say it's as an executable. Do I want to run it? I'll say OK, and I'll just run through the installation wizard and click Install. This should begin installing and then choose Finish. Cool. So check this out. If I search for PuTTY on my Windows machine and click this, this little program should open up. And this is going to allow us to do what is called SSH into the device. Now, we actually haven't covered what SSH is quite yet. We'll get to look at this later on within this course. But really, just think of it as a way to securely log in to somewhere that is remote to you.

9:55So, in this case here, we're going to securely log in to this virtual machine from our host machine. So all I'm going to do here is choose Appearance, and I'll choose Change. And what you can do here is change the font size as you so choose, as well as choose the different type of font you may want. So I'll choose OK. I'll then choose Session. I'll then highlight default settings and choose Save to actually save my font size. OK, so now, I want to be able to log into this machine. So at the very top left, I'm going to click this link here, and I'm going to choose the thing called the Terminal Emulator.

10:32This is how we can get on the command line within this machine. So what I'll do is click this little plus arrow to full-size this. And to make this look a little bit easier to read, I'll go into Edit, then to Preferences. I'll go to Appearance. And then on here, I'm going to click this option here, and I'm just going to increase the font size a little bit. So I'll say Select, and that should make the font size look a little bit bigger. So let me just full screen this. So like you see, we still can't see the entire screen. Now, what I'm going to do here is type some commands. You don't have to understand what these commands are just yet.

11:04We certainly will get to explain what these actually do throughout this course. But just to get us up and running, I want you to take this command called sudo apt update, and then we'll hit Enter. Now, you'll type in the password that you created for those accounts and then hit Enter again. This is just going to do some basic updating. OK, now what I'm going to say is sudo apt install openssh-server. And then if I hit Enter and then I hit the Y for Yes and again hit Enter, this is going to install what is called an SSH server onto this virtual machine.

11:40It's going to allow me to log into this virtual machine remotely using this PuTTY program. OK, so I'm going to say clear to clear the screen. And now, I'm going to say IP addr, and I hit Enter. Now, we can see a whole bunch of information right here. So what I'm going to say here is IP addr, and then I'm going to do this little pipe symbol, which is a straight line down. And then I'm going to say grep init, and again, do not worry about what these commands actually mean. So if I hit Enter, you should see a whole bunch of IP addresses.

12:12Now, the ones that say inet, these are IPv4 addresses. The one that say inet6, these are IPv6. We want to focus on IPv4. Now, the one that says 127.0.0.1 ignore that one. And this case here, this is the IP address I want to target. In my case, it's 10.0.2.15. Yours might look like 10.1.1.1 or 192.168.0.1. It doesn't actually matter what the number is. Just take the number before the slash, and remember it.

12:43So, in this case here, 10.0.2.15 for me. And if I get down here and I search for CMD for the command prompt to my Windows machine, what I'm going to do is try and ping this address. I'll say ping 10.0.2.15. And it appears I'm not actually getting connectivity here. So what I'm going to do right now is just close this. And it appears because we have NAT running, VirtualBox is having a hard time communicating. So what I'm going to do is to actually change the network adapter. So if I go to my Machine option, choose Settings.

13:14And I'll go down to Network, again. And this time, I'll choose Bridged Adapter, and then I'll choose OK. So that should now change the adapter. And all I'm going to do is I'll close this down. And up the top left, I'll click this here, and I'll go to this icon here. Click this little button, and I'll just choose Restart to restart the machine with the new settings. OK, so again, let's log in. And again, we'll go up to this little corner. Click the button. We'll choose Terminal Emulator. Now, if we just try this command again and hit Enter, notice that the init has actually changed the address.

13:49It's now 192.168.0.65. Let's try and ping that one, then. So again, go back to CMD. 192.168.0.65, that was. If I hit Enter, we're now getting it applied back. So that's good to know. I'm going to take this address, and I'm going to go to PuTTY. And I'll type this address and write here. So 192.168, and I'll do 0.65. I want to change the port here to 22, and I'm going to choose SSH. If I click Open, I'm going to say Accept to accept the key.

14:22And now, I'm going to provide my username, which in this case, is ipvzero. And now, I'm going to type in the password I've created. So now, what I've done, I've actually logged into the command line remotely via my machine. So I've now got this nice full-sized screen to be able to work with. So that's one solution we can do. The other solution is to use what is called VirtualBox guest additions. So let me quickly show you how we can get this up and running as well as an alternative. So what I'm going to do here is on my Devices option, I'm going to click Insert Guest Additions CD Image.

14:55So if I click on this-- and it's going to say the CD was mounted automatically. So what am I actually going to do here is, let me just close this down. I'm going to type in this command cd space forward slash. I'll say media forward slash and then a dollar sign and then the word "user." This should take you into a folder. Now, if you do the command ls-- and again, do not worry about what these commands are. We'll definitely get to talk about that. If you just type ls, you'll now see this new directory called VBox_GA.

15:28So I'm going to say cd, which is going to allow me to change into that directory. And I can just say VB and hit the Tab key to complete it, and then hit Enter. If I do ls again, we're going to see a whole bunch of different files. Now, because we are on a Linux machine, this is the file we want to run-- VBoxLinuxAdditions.run. Now, the way we can run this is by saying sudo, and then I'll do dot slash, and then I'll say VBox. And then, if I do a capital L for Linux and if I just hit the Tab key, it should also complete.

16:03And now, if I hit Enter, I should be prompted for my password and hit Enter. It's going to attempt to install VirtualBox guest additions, but we may run into an issue here. And watch this. Now, it says here that this system is currently not set up to build kernel modules. We actually have to fix this with another set of commands. So these are the commands which I'm going to type here-- sudo apt update. OK, so we'll type that in-- hit Enter. OK, and now, we'll have to type in this big long one right here. Again, don't worry about what it actually means quite just yet.

16:35Just try to copy it. So I'll say sudo apt install virtualbox-guest-utils space virtualbox-guest-dkms. If I now hit Enter, and then I hit the Y key for yes. Hit Enter again. OK, so with this now complete, what I'm going to do here is I'll just close this box. And see this little disc here? I'm going to right-click it, and I'm going to say eject volume.

17:06And then again, what I'll do is I'll go back to Devices, and I'll reinsert this image once again. OK, so with it now inserted, let's close here. One last time, let's go back to our Terminal Emulator. We'll do the same command cd /media/$USER. We'll do an ls. We'll do cd VBox, and we can type in ls one more time. And now, again, we'll try to rerun this little program here. So I'll say sudo ./VBox type capital L, and then we should top complete.

17:40And then, if you hit Enter, type in the password hit Enter, we should run through the installation. OK, so this seems all good. What we're going to do is to close this down and again go up to our little icon here. Go back down to this icon. And then if we choose Restart, when the computer restarts, we should be able to go into full-screen mode. So again, it appears that we have a very small screen. Let's just type in our password and to enter-- I mean, minimize, and open again. And suddenly, it actually expands to its full size.

18:11And again, we can go into Preferences, enter appearance, and then bump up the size if we so choose. And this is a much better environment than having really small text and a lot of line wrapping. OK, so that is all for the setup of Xubuntu within VirtualBox. I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing.

0:12Hey, guys, and welcome back. So in the previous Nugget, we had just created our Xubuntu virtual machine. Let us now create one that is your Red Hat-based machine that is going to be Rocky Linux in your case. So if you just happen to search for Rocky Linux download, and click this link here. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to choose the x86_64 architecture. And I'm just going to choose the Minimal download. This is going to be a smaller version of the OS, but more stripped down. So let's save this, and this should begin downloading.

0:42OK, so now we've downloaded that image. What we'll do is we'll go back to VirtualBox. We'll say Machine. We'll click New, and I'll just call this one, maybe, Red Hat Rocky. Again, give it any name you wish. So the type is going to be Linux. The version-- I'll just change this to Other Linux 64-bit, and I'll just say Next. So I'll give this 2-gig once again, and I'll choose Create VDI once again, Next. And again, I'm going to give this about 20 gigs. So I'll save you, then Create. Perfect. So now we'll right-click.

1:13We'll go into Settings. Just like before, let's go to Network. We'll make sure that's on the bridged adapter. We'll go to System, Processor-- I'll bunch it up to 2. I'll go to Storage. I'll go down to the disc here, the empty. I'll then click this link, and I'll choose a disk file. Last time, I'm going to choose the Rocky Minimal ISO. I'll open this, and I will say OK. So now, if I start this machine, now we can have these different options. We can Install Rocky Linux 8, go down to test media, and arrow down to troubleshoot. We want to go to the very top one, which is Install Rocky Linux 8.

1:46If hit Enter-- OK, so we'll choose the language. I'm going to choose English and UK for me. Again, choose whatever suits you. Click Continue. OK, so I'm going to choose this Installation Destination option. And I'm going to choose this hard disk I've created right here. Let me scroll on down, and I'll just choose Done. Next, I'll go to Software Selection right here, and I'm just going to choose Minimal Install right here, and then I'll click Done. I'll click on Time and Date. I'm going to choose this here because I'm in the UK. But again, choose whatever you wish.

2:18And I'll click Done. And again, because we have this very small screen, it's hard to see. But I'm going to click on Network and Host Name right here. I'm going to click this little icon here to toggle this on to turn on the internet connection. And again, we can change the actual host name of the device. I'll just leave this at the default. So I'll choose Done. We'll now click on Root Password, and that's is going to be your administrator password. Now, you really should choose something very, very secure, but I'm going to keep something fairly simple. So we'll just type in the root password and confirm.

2:49I'll say Done. If I scroll on down a little bit, so we go to User Creation. Click on this, and I'll give my username of ipvzero. And I'll type in a password for this account. And I'm actually just using the same password because I'm being a bit lazy. And I'm going to tick this to say make it a user administrator. So now, I'll say Done. And now, I'm going to click on Begin Installation. OK, perfect. It now says Rocky Linux is now successfully installed and ready to use. So what we're going to do is to reboot this system. So let's click Return.

3:19Now, we can see the host login. I'll type in my username, ipvzero, and the password for this account. And now, I've logged in to this machine. What I can now do is I can do ip adder pipe grep init, as we did before. And the IP address I can see here is 10.0.2.15. I think I may have made this in NAT adapter again. I'll do Settings. Go to Network. Yes, I have, so make that bridge topology. How about that? Click OK and arrow up, do the same command.

3:49This device does not actually need to be rebooted. So now, I'm going to target 192.168.0.66. Let's go back to PuTTY-- 0.66, again, port 22, SSH, click Open. We'll accept the key. We'll say ipvzero, and I'll type in my password for this account. Hit Enter, and now again, just like we saw before, I've logged that, and I have that full-screen environment. Similarly, if you so choose, you could run through the VirtualBox guest addition installation. But for now, that is us up and running for Xubuntu and for Rocky Linux on our Windows machine.

4:24So I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing.

0:12Hey, guys. And welcome back. Now, if you are a Windows user, then this section of the skill does not apply to you. We should already be up and running. Now, when I was advising our friends who are using Windows computers, I advised that they use the software called VirtualBox. Now, in my own personal experience, using VirtualBox with Macs sometimes causes a few issues. And ultimately, I would rather avoid those. So I'm going to recommend that you as a Mac user use another type of software.

0:42This is called VMware Fusion. And once we have VMware Fusion up and running, we can then walk through the installation of Xubuntu. So let's first go and get VMware Fusion, then. So if you just search for VMware Fusion and click this link here, if we scroll on down, we can see we have an option to buy Fusion. But there also is an option to use it for free with a personal user license. This is the one I'm going to get right now. So as it transpires, I have already created an account with VMware. If you don't have an account, just simply click Create an Account and fill in your details.

1:16You'll then be asked to provide some information-- what is your name, where do you live, specify a phone number and an email address. Once you do that, you'll have an account up and running, and then you can be able to log in and ultimately download VMware Fusion Player. So in this case here, now that I've got this account, I'm just going to click Log In. Now I'm going to blow this out, but right here, I actually have my license key. So if you're prompted to enter it, just copy in the value that you see for your installation. But for now, what I'm going to do here is I'm going to manually download VMware Fusion.

1:51And what I'll do is I'll just save the file. And now this will begin downloading. Perfect. So that is now downloaded. Let's just click this. And I will double-click to install Fusion. Now it's going to verify fusion. Now this is because I have already installed Fusion before. So it does know my license key. In your case, if it's fresh, it will ask you to type in the license key. And of course, that will be personal to your own account. So what I will now do is say Open. And I'll type in my password, and it will install VMware Fusion.

2:22Perfect. So now what I want to do is I want to get a copy of Xubuntu. Xubuntu Download, I'll click this link here. I'll scroll on down. Now, it does recommend we torrent. In this case I'm just going to use one of the mirror downloads. I'm in the United Kingdom, so I'm going to choose UK. That will be the quickest for me. And what I want to download is this one here, which ends in .iso. OK, so let's download this. And I'll save you as well. And this, too, will also begin downloading. And what I'll do is I'll go to Finder, and I will go to Downloads.

2:55And all I'm going to do is grab this xubuntu.iso image, and I'm just going to drag it onto this part here. So now I will just click Continue. And now we'll fill in some details. So the display name I'll just have as ipvzero, which is my own GitHub name. But again, you can choose any name you wish. And I'll type in a little password here for the machine. This can be our login credentials. And I'll click Continue. So now I see a virtual machine summary. I'm just going to click Finish. And I will choose Save.

3:26Now we'll click OK. Now VMware is going to run through the installation for us. So this should take maybe five, 10 minutes. It shouldn't be too long. And as we can see here, the installation is proceeding. OK, so know that this is installed, I'm going to type in the password I created. Perfect. So let me just expand this screen a little bit. Now what I'm going to do is I'm going to go up to this top left here. And then I'm going to click on something called the Terminal Emulator. Now I'll click this plus sign, and I'll go to Edit and then Preferences.

3:56And all I'm going to do is to click on Appearance. And then I'm going to click this, and I'm going to make the font a little bit bigger so it's easier to see. And then choose Select. OK, so we are now on the command line, and everything is up and running for Xubuntu. Now, what I will say is that what I tend to do on a Mac, it's just a personal preference purely because the visual outputs of this virtual machine is just ever so slightly blurry. It's not quite as sharp as the output on my Mac. It seems to be some type of resolution between the retina display of the native Mac and the virtual machine itself.

4:32So what I like to do, and again, this is purely optional, is to take the command sudo apt update. And again, you don't have to worry about what this command means just quite yet. We're just pulling down some updates. And I'm going to type in my password. That will do that. Perfect. And now I'm going to say sudo apt install openssh-server. Again, don't worry about what this actually does. All we're doing is installing a little server so we can remotely log into this machine from our MacBook itself.

5:02So I'm going to click y, and then I'll hit Return. And this will install this SSH server. Perfect. So I'm going to say clear, which clears the screen. And then I'm going to say ip addr. And then I'm going to do this little pipe symbol. And I'm going to say grep inet, and then hit Enter. Now, again, don't worry about these commands. What we're looking at here are the IP addresses on this device. Now the ones we are concerned with are the ones that say inet. The ones that say iine6, these are IPv6. We're not interested in them.

5:32So we actually have two IPv4 addresses. The first one is 127.0.0.1. We do not want to use that one. We want to use the other one. In my case, this is going to be 192.168.126.130. This is the IP address of this machine that I can use to log into it. So what I'll do is I will go back, and I'll go up to my little arrow here, and I'll choose Terminal. And I'll click this. This is the command line that I'm going to be using, my native Mac one. So I'm going to say the command ssh, and then the username, which in my case is ipvzero.

6:07And then I'm going to type in that IP address. So I'll do 192.168.126.130. And if I hit Return, I'm going to say yes. And now I'm going to type in my password and hit Enter. And we have full access to the Ubuntu virtual machine directly from the Mac. And this is my own personal preference. But like I say, it's a personal preference. You can do either which way suits you. OK, so that is us up and running with Xubuntu within our Mac environment. Let's now install our next virtual machine.

6:38That is going to be Rocky Linux. So I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing.

0:12Hey, guys. And welcome back. So in the previous Nugget, we had just went through the installation of Xubuntu on our Mac computer. Let's now walk through the same process, this time for Rocky Linux. So what I'm going to do here is I'll just close this for now. And I'll go back to my browser, and I'll search for Rocky Linux. I'll click this. Let me fullscreen this. And I'll click Download 8.5. Now I'm going to choose the x86_64 architecture. And the option I'm going to select is going to be the Minimal install.

0:44So I'll grab this, and I'll just save this file. So this is now downloading. And in the meantime, I'm just going to shut down the Xubuntu machine from the last Nugget. So I'll click up here, and I'll click this little button here, and I'll choose Shut Down. OK, close this. OK, so Rocky Linux has now downloaded. What I'm going to do is I'm going to go back to VMware, and I'm going to select a window up here and then click Virtual Machine Library. So this is going to show us the library of virtual machines we have installed.

1:15We already have the Ubuntu right here. What I'm now going to do is say File and then click New. This is going to allow us to install a brand new image. So again, we'll go to Finder, and I'll go to my Downloads. And all I'm going to do is to drag the Rocky ISO over. So click this and-- OK, so now that Rocky Linux has been downloaded, what I want to do is to click on my VMware, and I'll go to File, and then New. Now what I'm going to do is drag this copy, the ISO of Rocky Linux, and drop it right here.

1:48Now I'm going to make sure I've got Rocky Linux highlighted, and I'll click Continue. What I'm going to do is choose the version Other Linux 4.x kernel 64-bit and choose Continue. I will leave it at Legacy BIOS. And we can see here the actual settings. What I'm going to do is to check Customize Settings. And I'll click Save for the name. Now what I'm going to do is go into Processors and Memory. Now you can give this as many processors as you want. The more you've got available to you, the better. But you really don't need to have anywhere near this amount.

2:18I'll just crank this value up. OK, so let's go back. And again, Virtual Machine, Settings. I'll go to Hard Disk. And I'll give this just over 20, and I'll apply it. OK, so with this done, what I'll do is I'll just turn on the device by clicking this button here, and again. OK, so we're now going to see these three options. The top one is highlighted. If I arrow down, it goes to the second. If I arrow down again, it goes to Troubleshooting. We want the very top one, which is Install Rocky Linux 8. And hit Return.

2:49OK, so I'm going to choose my language. I'll leave this at English and click Continue. Now I'm going to click on the Installation Destination right here. And I'll choose the disk here, which I've created. And let me just scroll on down. Just click this again. We want the storage configuration to be automatic. That's all good. And then if I choose Done, if I go to Software Selection, and I'm going to choose Minimal Install. And then I'll choose Done. I'll click on the time and the date here. Now, my location is going to be the UK time.

3:20So I'll choose this and then Done. Next I'm going to click on Network and Host right here. And I'm going to toggle this onto ON, and then I'll choose Done. And now if I scroll on down, I'm going to choose the root password. This is effectively going to be the administrator password. So I'll type one in. And I'll just confirm this, and I'll click Done. Now if I go down and create a user, I'll give a user name. I'll choose ipvzero. And I'll make this user an administrator. I'll create a password. I'll just use the same password for quickness.

3:51And again, just confirm this password. And then I will choose Done. Perfect. With this now done, I can now choose Begin Installation. So I'll click this, we're going to prepare to install. OK, so if we just click Reboot System, OK, so let's click Return. Now the machine reboots. OK, so we can log in with the username. Mine is ipvzero. And type in the password we created. And now we have access to this machine. Now, just like we did in the previous Nugget, I'm going to say ip addr grep inet.

4:23And same rules apply. We're going to be looking for the inet, not inet6. And we're going to ignore the 127.0.0.1 address. So the address I'm going to target is 192.168.126.131 this time. So what I'm going to say is ssh ipvzero 192.168.126.131. And if I hit Enter, I'll say yes. And let me just fullscreen this. And I'll type in the password for this virtual machine.

4:53So hit Enter, and now we can see here we're inside this Rocky Linux virtual machine. So that should be us up and running. We have access to a Xubuntu machine, as well as a Rocky Linux machine. And with this all locked and loaded, we can now begin getting hands-on with the labs and learning Linux. So I hope this has been informative for you, and I'd like to thank you for viewing.